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Endnotes

1 Federal Highway Administration, International Programs, http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/tmpl.cfm?title=scanning.

2 General Accounting Office, Older Driver Safety: Knowledge Sharing Should Help States Prepare for Increase in Older Driver Population, Report to the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging, GAO-07-413, Washington, DC, April 2007.

3 Yoshitaka Motoda, Iwate Prefectural University, "Problems of Transportation for Aged People in Japan," Presentation to Older Road Users Scan Team, Tokyo, Japan, March 14, 2008.

4 J.C. Day, Population Projections of the United States by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1995–2050, Current Population Reports, P25–1130, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC, 1996.

5 Brian Fildes, Monash University Accident Research Center, "Older Driver Crashes," Presentation to Older Road Users Scan Team, Melbourne, Australia, March 6, 2008.

6 Australian Transport Safety Bureau, Road Deaths Australia: 2006 Statistical Summary, April 2007, www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/2007/pdf/mrf_2006.pdf.

7 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 2006, DOT HS 810 818, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 2006, www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pubs/tsf2006fe.pdf.

8 N.Y. Mineta, "Ensuring Safe Mobility for America's Seniors," Public Roads, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, January/February 2006.

9 R. Hodder, "Creating Safe Travel Environments for Mobility as We Age: AARP's Efforts and Key Roles for Transportation Professionals," ITE Journal, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Washington, DC, April 2007, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3734/is_200704/ ai_n19198685/pg_1.

10 T. Granda and S. Thompson, "The Older Driver Comes of Age," Public Roads, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, January/February 2006.

11 I. Potts, J. Stutts, R. Pfefer, T.R. Neuman, K.L. Slack, and K.K. Hardy, Volume 9: A Guide For Reducing Collisions Involving Older Drivers, Guidance for Implementation of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Strategic Highway Safety Plan, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 500:9, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2006.

12 B. Fildes, J. Oxley, B. Corben, and J. Langford, Road Environment and Design for Older Drivers: Stage II, Volume 1–Overview, Volume 2–Handbook of Suggestions for Road Design Changes, AP-R261/04, Austroads, Sydney, Australia, 2004, www.austroads.com.au/handbook.html.

13 L. Staplin, K. Lococo, and S. Byington, Older Driver Highway Design Handbook, FHWA-RD-97-135, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, 1998.

14 Julie Hatfield, Ralston Fernandes, R.F. Soames Job, and Ken Smith, "Misunderstanding of Right-of-Way Rules at Various Pedestrian Crossing Types: Observational Study and Survey," Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 39, Issue 4, July 2007, 833–842.

15 Federal Highway Administration, Halving Roadway Fatalities: A Case Study from Victoria, Australia 1989–2004, FHWA-PL-06-011, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, April 2006, http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/halving_fatalities/halving_fatalities.pdf.

16 Australian Government, Australian Transport Safety Bureau, National Road Safety Strategy Panel, www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/national_road_safety_stategy/member_organisations.aspx.

17 New South Wales Road and Traffic Authority Centre for Road Safety, www.rta.nsw.gov.au/roadsafety/index.htm.

18 New South Wales Road and Traffic Authority Centre for Road Safety, www.rta.nsw.gov.au/roadsafety/downloads/rs2010.pdf.

19 VicRoads, Arrive Alive! Road Safety Plan, www.arrivealive.vic.gov.au.

20 B.F. Corben, D.B. Logan, and P. Schofield, "Predicting Road Safety Strategy Performance," Paper presented at the 2007 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference, Melbourne, Australia, Oct. 17–19, 2007, www.roadsafetyconference2007.com.au/Presentation/Logan_David.pdf.

21 City of Whitehorse, Victoria, Australia, Road Safety Program, www.whitehorse.vic.gov.au/page/page.asp?page_id=246&h=1.

22 City of Orange, New South Wales, Australia, Road Safety Program, www.orange.nsw.gov.au/index.cfm?objectId=94D7F8B3-0E34-8D1F-19D64F8126F0A287.

23 VicRoads, Community Road Safety Programs, www.roadsafe.org.au.

24 Local Government Association of Queensland, www.lgaq.asn.au/portal/dt.

25 Local Government Association of Queensland, Community-Based Transport Queensland Toolbox, December 2006, www.lgaq.asn.au/lgo/resources/infrastructure/Transport/PublicTransport/CBT_TB_Final.pdf.

26 Australian Automobile Association, Australian Road Assessment Program (AusRAP), www.ausrap.org.

27 Australian Automobile Association, AusRAP Safer Roads Save Lives: Star Ratings for Victoria's Country Highways, www.ausrap.org/ausrap/starratings.htm.

28 National Roads and Motorists' Association, Better Roads Project, Safer Roads Initiative, www.mynrma.com.au.

29 State of Victoria, Department of Planning and Community Development, Box Hill: Transit Cities Program, www.dse.vic.gov.au/DSE/nrenpl.nsf/LinkView/FF67B5E11BA2DDD7CA256D480003CF03CB3A095B12F1DCC1CA256D190029AA6B.

30 State of Victoria, Department of Planning and Community Development, Transit Cities Program, www.dse.vic.gov.au/DSE/nrenpl.nsf/childdocs/-3AFDBF77580D7A93CA256D19002583CC-CB3A095B12F1DCC1CA256D190029AA6B?open.

31 City of Whitehorse, Victoria, Australia, Follow Your Road To Safety: Road Safety Strategy 2006-2011, August 2006, www.whitehorse.vic.gov.au/Files/DraftRoadSafetyStrategy.pdf

32 D. Hense, P. Roper, and R. McInerney, "NetRISK: The Ultimate Solution for Road Network Safety Assessments," Paper presented at the 2006 Safe Roads Conference, Melbourne, Australia, Sept. 7–8, 2006, www.saferoadsconference.com/2006/papers/Philip%20ROPER%20Netrisk%20paper%20-%20Saferoads%202006.pdf.

33 B. Fildes, J. Oxley, B. Corben, and J. Langford, Road Environment and Design for Older Drivers: Stage II Volume 1–Overview, Volume 2–Handbook of Suggestions for Road Design Changes, AP-R261/04, Austroads, Sydney, Australia, 2004, www.austroads.com.au/handbook.html.

34 B. Fildes, B. Corben, A. Morris, J. Oxley, N. Pronk, L. Brown, and M. Fitzharris, Road Safety Environment and Design for Older Drivers, AP-R169/00, Austroads, Sydney, Australia, 2000, www.onlinepublications.austroads.com.au/script/Details.asp?DocN=AR0000136_0904.

35 O. Kunihiko, K. Ikehara, O. Minoshima, T. Kawai, and N. Inukai, Study on Requirements of Intersection Lighting, Report Number 289, National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, Tokyo, Japan, 2006, www.nilim.go.jp/lab/bcg/siryou/tnn/tnn0289pdf/ks0289002.pdf (in Japanese).

36 Department of Main Roads, Queensland Road Traffic Management Manual, Queensland Government, Brisbane, Australia, 2002, www.mainroads.qld.gov.au/web/AttachStore.nsf/allobjects/Traffic%20&%20Road%20Use%20Management%20Manual%20-%20Volume%201.1/$file/TRUM_Volume1_1.1.pdf.

37 New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority, Options for Older Drivers, www.rta.nsw.gov.au/licensing/renewingalicence/olderdrivers/older_driver_options.html.

38 National Roads and Motorists' Association, NRMA's response to the RTA Older Driver Licensing Paper, www.mynrma.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/mynrma/hs.xsl/nrma_response_rta_older_driver_paper.htm.

39 J. Langford, S. Koppel, J.L. Charlton, B. Fildes, and S. Newstead, "A Re-Assessment of Older Drivers as a Road Safety Risk," IATSS Research, International Association of Traffic and Safety Services, Tokyo, Japan, 2006, 30(1), 27–37.

40 VicRoads, Stepping Out of the Driver's Seat: RoadSafe Older Drivers Program, www.roadsafe.org.au/media/Stepping%20out%20of%20the%20drivers%20seat%20factsheets.pdf.

41 Queensland Government, Queensland Transport Licensing Rules, http://www.transport.qld.gov.au/Home/Licensing.

42 Asahi ShimBum/Herald Tribune, "Incentives aim to stop elderly driving," Tokyo, Japan, March 19, 2008, www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200803180383.html.

43 Royal Automobile Club of Victoria, Years Ahead: Road Safety for Seniors Program, www.racv.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/Internet/Primary/road+safety/road+safety+for+seniors/road+safety+for+seniors+program.

44 National Roads and Motorists' Association, NRMA Years Ahead Senior Driving Program, www.mynrma.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/mynrma/hs.xsl/yearsahead.htm.

45 Royal Automobile Club of Victoria, Making the Right Choice: Vehicle Safety Advice for Seniors, www.racv.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/Internet/Primary/road+safety/road+safety+for+seniors/choosing+a+safe+vehicle.

46 Royal Automobile Club of Queensland, Driver Assessment Services, www.racq.com.au/motoring_advice/safer_drivers/driver_training/driver_assessment_service.

47 National Road and Motorists' Association, NRMA Older and Wiser, www.mynrma.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/mynrma/hs.xsl/older_drivers.htm.

48 Royal Automobile Club of Queensland, Refresh Driver Handbook, www.racq.com.au/cps/rde/xchg/racq_cms_production/hs.xsl/Comm_Ed_Res_Foun_comm_educresource_yearsahead_ENA_HTML.htm.

49 J. Liddle, K. McKenna, and H. Bartlett, "Improving Outcomes for Older Retired Drivers: The UQDRIVE Program," Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, Australian Association of Occupational Therapists, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia, 54(4):303-306, December 2007.

50 Victoria Department of Infrastructure, Maintaining Mobility: The Transition From Driver To Non-Driver, www.doi.vic.gov.au/Doi/Internet/planningprojects.nsf/AllDocs/383B1372FCA1F9CCCA257398001ECD17?OpenDocument.

51 State of Victoria, Inquiry Into Improving Safety for Older Road Users, Road Safety Committee, May 2001, www.parliament.vic.gov.au/rsc/older/tor.htm.

52 VicRoads, Getting Around Without a Car, www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadSafety/SafetyForRoadUsers/GettingAroundWithoutACar.htm.

53 Royal Automobile Club of Victoria, Mobility Planning for Seniors, www.racv.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/Internet/Primary/road+safety/road+safety+for+seniors/mobility+planning.

54 Yoshitaka Motoda, Iwate Prefectural University, "Problems of Transport for Aged People," Presentation to Older Road Users Scan Team, Tokyo, Japan, March 14, 2008.

55 Queensland Transport Development and Solutions Alliance, http://www.tdsa.org.au.

56 VicRoads, Guide for Electric Wheelchairs and Other Motorised Mobility Devices, www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadSafety/SafetyForRoadUsers/GuideForElectricWheelchairs.htm.

57 Judith Charlton, Monash University Accident Research Centre, "Older Drivers, Vision Impairment, and Naturalistic Driving Studies," Presentation to Older Road Users Scan Team, Melbourne, Australia, March 6, 2008.

58 B. Fildes, J.L. Charlton, C. Muir, and S. Koppel, Driving Responses of Older and Younger Drivers in a Driving Simulator, Proceedings of the 51st Annual Conference, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Melbourne, Australia, October 14–17, 2007.

59 Queen's University, BioMotion Laboratory Walker Demonstration, www.biomotionlab.ca/Demos/BMLwalker.html.

60 Photo of road train, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Road_Train_Australia.jpg.

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Federal Highway Administration | 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE | Washington, DC 20590 | 202-366-4000