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Infrastructure Countermeasures to Mitigate Motorcyclist Crashes in Europe

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Technical Report Documentation Page

1. Report No.

FHWA-PL-12-028

2. Government Accession No.

3. Recipient's Catalog No.

4. Title and Subtitle

Infrastructure Countermeasures to Mitigate Motorcyclist Crashes in Europe

5. Report Date August 2012

6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s)

David A. Nicol, Dennis W. Heuer, Dr. Susan T. Chrysler, James S. Baron, Mark J. Bloschock, Keith A. Cota, Paul D. Degges, Dr. Nicholas J. Garber, Jeffrey W. Kolb, Melinda McGrath, Edward Moreland, Dr. Carol H. Tan

8. Performing Organization Report No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

American Trade Initiatives 3 Fairfield Court Stafford, VA 22554-1716

10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)

11. Contract or Grant No.

DTFH61-10-C-00027

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

Office of International Programs Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of Transportation American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

13. Type of Report and Period Covered

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. Supplementary Notes

FHWA COTR: Hana Maier, Office of International Programs

16. Abstract

The number and rate of motorcyclist deaths on U.S. roads are rising dramatically. The Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and National Cooperative Highway Research Program sponsored a scanning study of five European countries to evaluate infrastructure improvements to aid motorcyclists.

The scan team found that the types of infrastructure safety improvements used in Europe, with the exception of motorcycle-friendly roadside barriers, were those that generally improved safety for all vehicle classes. The biggest differences the team observed were in behavioral safety, helmet laws, training, and licensing. The team also noted great cooperation between road authorities and stakeholder groups representing motorcycle riders.

Team recommendations for U.S. implementation include filling in knowledge gaps to improve motorcycle safety, conducting research on motorcycle infrastructure safety, and updating design guidelines to accommodate motorcyclist safety.

17. Key Words

behavioral safety, helmet law, licensing law, motorcycle safety, motorcyclist fatalities, powered two-wheeler, roadside barriers

18. Distribution Statement

No restrictions. This document is available to the public from the: Office of International Programs, FHWA-HPIP, Room 3325, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC 20590
international@fhwa.dot.gov
www.international.fhwa.dot.gov

19. Security Classify. (of this report)

Unclassified

20. Security Classify. (of this page)

Unclassified

21. No. of Pages

52

22. Price

Free

Acknowledgments

This summary report was completed in cooperation with the members of the scan team and all of the transportation professionals and organizational representatives who hosted the scan team and gave of their time and energy to organize presentations and site visits in the various countries on the scan itinerary. Without their gracious hospitality and willingness to share their knowledge and experiences with the U.S. delegation, this report would not have been possible.

Sadly, one of our team members, Jeff Kolb, passed away shortly after our scanning study. He was a valuable contributor to the team and a pleasure to have as a traveling companion.

Prepared by the International Scanning Study Team:

David A. Nicol (Cochair)
FHWA

Dennis W. Heuer (Cochair)
Virginia DOT

Dr. Susan T. Chrysler
(Report Facilitator)
Texas Transportation Institute

James S. Baron
American Traffic Safety
Services Association

Mark J. Bloschock
VRX Engineering Inc.

Keith A. Cota
New Hampshire DOT

Paul D. Degges
Tennessee DOT

Dr. Nicholas J. Garber
University of Virginia

Jeffrey W. Kolb
FHWA

Melinda McGrath
Mississippi DOT

Edward Moreland
American Motorcyclist Association

Dr. Carol H. Tan
FHWA

For:

Federal Highway Administration,
U.S. Department of Transportation

American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials

National Cooperative Highway
Research Program

International Technology Scanning Program

The International Technology Scanning Program, sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), evaluates innovative foreign technologies and practices that could significantly benefit U.S. highway transportation systems. This approach allows for advanced technology to be adapted and put into practice much more efficiently without spending scarce research funds to re-create advances already developed by other countries.

FHWA and AASHTO, with recommendations from NCHRP, jointly determine priority topics for teams of U.S. experts to study. Teams in the specific areas being investigated are formed and sent to countries where significant advances and innovations have been made in technology, management practices, organizational structure, program delivery, and financing. Scan teams usually include representatives from FHWA, State departments of transportation, local governments, transportation trade and research groups, the private sector, and academia.

After a scan is completed, team members evaluate findings and develop comprehensive reports, including recommendations for further research and pilot projects to verify the value of adapting innovations for U.S. use. Scan reports, as well as the results of pilot programs and research, are circulated throughout the country to State and local transportation officials and the private sector. Since 1990, more than 85 international scans have been organized on topics such as pavements, bridge construction and maintenance, contracting, intermodal transport, organizational management, winter road maintenance, safety, intelligent transportation systems, planning, and policy.

The International Technology Scanning Program has resulted in significant improvements and savings in road program technologies and practices throughout the United States. In some cases, scan studies have facilitated joint research and technology-sharing projects with international counterparts, further conserving resources and advancing the state of the art. Scan studies have also exposed transportation professionals to remarkable advancements and inspired implementation of hundreds of innovations. The result: large savings of research dollars and time, as well as significant improvements in the Nation's transportation system.

Scan reports can be obtained through FHWA free of charge by e-mailing international@dot.gov. Scan reports are also available electronically and can be accessed on the FHWA Office of International Programs Web site at www.international.fhwa.dot.gov.

Safety

Infrastructure Countermeasures to Mitigate Motorcyclist Crashes in Europe (2012)

Assuring Bridge Safety and Serviceability in Europe (2010)

Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety and Mobility in Europe (2010)

Improving Safety and Mobility for Older Road Users in Australia and Japan (2008)

Safety Applications of Intelligent Transportation Systems in Europe and Japan (2006)

Traffic Incident Response Practices in Europe (2006)

Underground Transportation Systems in Europe: Safety, Operations, and Emergency Response (2006)

Roadway Human Factors and Behavioral Safety in Europe (2005)

Traffic Safety Information Systems in Europe and Australia (2004)

Signalized Intersection Safety in Europe (2003)

Managing and Organizing Comprehensive Highway Safety in Europe (2003)

European Road Lighting Technologies (2001)

Commercial Vehicle Safety, Technology, and Practice in Europe (2000)

Methods and Procedures to Reduce Motorist Delays in European Work Zones (2000)

Innovative Traffic Control Technology and Practice in Europe (1999)

Road Safety Audits—Final Report and Case Studies (1997)

Speed Management and Enforcement Technology: Europe and Australia (1996)

Safety Management Practices in Japan, Australia, and New Zealand (1995)

Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety in England, Germany, and the Netherlands (1994)

Planning and Environment

Reducing Congestion and Funding Transportation Using Road Pricing In Europe and Singapore (2010)

Linking Transportation Performance and Accountability (2010)

Streamlining and Integrating Right-of-Way and Utility Processes With Planning, Environmental, and Design Processes in Australia and Canada (2009)

Active Travel Management: The Next Step in Congestion Management (2007)

Managing Travel Demand: Applying European Perspectives to U.S. Practice (2006)

Transportation Asset Management in Australia, Canada, England, and New Zealand (2005)

Transportation Performance Measures in Australia, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand (2004)

European Right-of-Way and Utilities Best Practices (2002)

Geometric Design Practices for European Roads (2002)

Wildlife Habitat Connectivity Across European Highways (2002)

Sustainable Transportation Practices in Europe (2001)

Recycled Materials in European Highway Environments (1999)

European Intermodal Programs: Planning, Policy, and Technology (1999)

National Travel Surveys (1994)

Policy and Information

Understanding the Policy and Program Structure of National and International Freight Corridor Programs in the European Union 2011)

Outdoor Advertising Control Practices in Australia, Europe, and Japan (2011)

Transportation Research Program Administration in Europe and Asia (2009)

Practices in Transportation Workforce Development (2003)

Intelligent Transportation Systems and Winter Operations in Japan (2003)

Emerging Models for Delivering Transportation Programs and Services (1999)

National Travel Surveys (1994)

Acquiring Highway Transportation Information From Abroad (1994)

International Guide to Highway Transportation Information (1994)

International Contract Administration Techniques for Quality Enhancement (1994)

European Intermodal Programs: Planning, Policy, and Technology (1994)

Operations

Freight Mobility and Intermodal Connectivity in China (2008)

Commercial Motor Vehicle Size and Weight Enforcement in Europe (2007)

Active Travel Management: The Next Step in Congestion Management (2007)

Managing Travel Demand: Applying European Perspectives to U.S. Practice (2006)

Traffic Incident Response Practices in Europe (2006)

Underground Transportation Systems in Europe: Safety, Operations, and Emergency Response (2006)

Superior Materials, Advanced Test Methods, and Specifications in Europe (2004)

Freight Transportation: The Latin American Market (2003)

Meeting 21st Century Challenges of System Performance Through Better Operations (2003)

Traveler Information Systems in Europe (2003)

Freight Transportation: The European Market (2002)

European Road Lighting Technologies (2001)

Methods and Procedures to Reduce Motorist Delays in European Work Zones (2000)

Innovative Traffic Control Technology and Practice in Europe (1999)

European Winter Service Technology (1998)

Traffic Management and Traveler Information Systems (1997)

European Traffic Monitoring (1997)

Highway/Commercial Vehicle Interaction (1996)

Winter Maintenance Technology and Practices— Learning from Abroad (1995)

Advanced Transportation Technology (1994)

Snowbreak Forest Book—Highway Snowstorm Countermeasure Manual (1990)

Infrastructure—General

Infrastructure Countermeasures to Mitigate Motorcyclist Crashes in Europe (2012)

Freeway Geometric Design for Active Traffic Management in Europe (2011)

Public-Private Partnerships for Highway Infrastructure: Capitalizing on International Experience (2009)

Audit Stewardship and Oversight of Large and Innovatively Funded Projects in Europe (2006)

Construction Management Practices in Canada and Europe (2005)

European Practices in Transportation Workforce Development (2003)

Contract Administration: Technology and Practice in Europe (2002)

European Road Lighting Technologies (2001)

Geometric Design Practices for European Roads (2001)

Geotechnical Engineering Practices in Canada and Europe (1999)

Geotechnology—Soil Nailing (1993)

Infrastructure—Pavements

Warm-Mix Asphalt: European Practice (2008)

Long-Life Concrete Pavements in Europe and Canada (2007)

Quiet Pavement Systems in Europe (2005)

Pavement Preservation Technology in France, South Africa, and Australia (2003)

Recycled Materials in European Highway Environments (1999)

South African Pavement and Other Highway Technologies and Practices (1997)

Highway/Commercial Vehicle Interaction (1996)

European Concrete Highways (1992)

European Asphalt Technology (1990)

Infrastructure—Bridges

Assuring Bridge Safety and Serviceability in Europe (2010)

Bridge Evaluation Quality Assurance in Europe (2008)

Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems in Japan and Europe (2005)

Bridge Preservation and Maintenance in Europe and South Africa (2005)

Performance of Concrete Segmental and Cable-Stayed Bridges in Europe (2001)

Steel Bridge Fabrication Technologies in Europe and Japan (2001)

European Practices for Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures (1999)

Advanced Composites in Bridges in Europe and Japan (1997)

Asian Bridge Structures (1997)

Bridge Maintenance Coatings (1997)

Northumberland Strait Crossing Project (1996)

European Bridge Structures (1995)

 

Contents

Figures

Figure 1. Scan team members.
Figure 2. A scooter rider filtering through urban traffic in Brussels.
Figure 3. Work zone caution sign in Belgium with supplemental motorcycle plaque warning of grooved pavement (stries = striations).
Figure 4. Splash warning sign in a work zone in Belgium.
Figure 5. Before: gravel and dirt from side of road washed onto paved roadway.
Figure 6. After: 5 meters of driveway paved with asphalt at intersection with paved roadway.
Figure 7. Lattice sign posts on a suburban arterial in Norway.
Figure 8. German example of curve delineation with flexible post delineators.
Figure 9. Advanced stop line with queue-jumping designated lane (dashed line) for bicycles, but often used by powered two-wheelers in Brussels.
Figure 10. Gap left in crosswalk marking material for motorcyclist to pass through in Belgium.
Figure 11. Troweled pavement marking binder material to increase texture and friction.
Figure 12. Centerline rumble strips with sinusoidal cut pattern to eliminate sharp edges that pose hazards to motorcyclists.
Figure 13. Cross-section drawing of W-beam guardrail equipped with lower motorcycle barrier.
Figure 14. Motorcycle barrier and crash test dummy at LIER in Lyon, France.
Figure 15. System Euskirchen Plus guardrail, which includes a bottom skirting and a cap along the top. Right photo shows alternate cap design.
Figure 16. Upright motorcycle barrier impact test procedure.
Figure 17. Spanish guardrail that meets motorcycle safety standards.
Figure 18. Norwegian Vision Zero Motorcycle Road before treatment.
Figure 19. Norwegian Vision Zero Motorcycle Road after brush clearing and installation of motorcycle barrier on outside of curve.
Figure 20. Belgian traffic safety poster: "Do not let yourself be surprised by the bikers. Be doubly careful."
Figure 21. Stephane Espie of INRETS demonstrates a motorcycle simulator.

Table

Table 1. Haddon Matrix for motorcycle crashes.

Executive Summary

In September 2010, a U.S. team of 12 transportation safety and engineering experts and industry representatives visited five European countries to assess and evaluate infrastructure improvements designed to aid motorcyclists. The countries were Belgium, England, France, Germany, and Norway. The scan team met with state and federal government transportation officials, university research center staff, and staff from motorcycle industry and rider associations and other nongovernmental organizations interested in motorcyclist safety. The team selected these countries because of their innovative infrastructure and traffic operations programs aimed at improving motorcyclist safety. The information the team obtained during the scan included several design, maintenance, and operational changes that could be implemented in the United States to improve motorcyclist safety.

Summary of Findings

The focus of this scan was infrastructure improvements, maintenance practices, and traffic operations strategies to enhance motorcyclist safety. Overall, the scan team found great similarities between the United States and the countries visited in these areas. With the exception of motorcycle-friendly roadside barriers, the types of infrastructure safety improvements used were those that improved safety for all vehicle classes, such as roadside clear zones and pavement management. The biggest differences between the United States and the countries visited were in the areas of behavioral safety, helmet laws, training, and licensing. Another difference the team noted was the great cooperation between European road authorities and stakeholder groups representing motorcycle riders.

In Europe, as in the United States, motorcycle ridership is increasing. In the motorcycle industry, the term "powered two-wheeler" (PTW) has evolved to encompass motorcycles, mopeds, scooters, and even newer hybrid machines that may have more than two wheels, such as the Piaggio MP3 and the CanAm Spyder. Motorcycle use can have a beneficial effect on transportation systems by reducing congestion, emissions, and parking space allocation. On a personal level, motorcycle use can be a less expensive mode of transportation in vehicle purchase price, maintenance and fuel costs, and parking expenses. These countries view motorcycle use as a valid form of transportation that agencies need to accommodate and make as safe as possible. Driver's license laws in most European countries prohibit those under 18 from driving an automobile, but teens can get a motorcycle license for certain engine sizes. For many people under 18, PTWs are basic transportation.

Both Europe and the United States have seen an increase in leisure riders over age 50. These baby-boomer riders have years of car-driving experience, but their motorcycle riding patterns generally include "Sunday drive" winding rural roads that may pose particular safety problems. The countries in northern Europe the team visited have a similar climate to most of the United States and similar motorcycle riding patterns with heavy rural leisure use and isolated heavy urban use.

The countries visited all had lower traffic fatality rates than the United States, when measured per inhabitant. England, France, and Norway had fatality rates less than half that of the United States. The scan team noted, however, that in each country visited the proportion of fatalities that were motorcyclists was consistently in the 15 to 20 percent range. This proportion of motorcyclists to total fatalities is in line with the United States. Despite a much lower rate of fatal crashes overall in these countries, motorcyclists are still overrepresented in fatalities, much like in the United States.

The team observed the use of roadside and median barriers specially designed for motorcycles in some of the countries visited. The team also noted activities on developing standards for crash testing acceptance of motorcycle barriers. Conclusive data on the effectiveness of these devices and the frequency of motorcycle rider impacts with barriers were unavailable, although a study was underway in France.

The scan team based its inquiries on a list of amplifying questions that focused mainly on infrastructure topics, but also touched on behavioral safety and legal issues. The topic headings in the report reflect these amplifying questions, and a summary of findings for each area is provided. Internet resources and contact information for scan team members and the European officials they met with are in the appendices.

Chapter 1. Background

In September 2010, a U.S. team of 12 transportation safety and engineering experts and industry representatives visited five European countries to assess and evaluate infrastructure improvements designed to aid motorcyclists. The countries were Belgium, France, Germany, Norway, and the United Kingdom. The group met with government transportation officials, university research center staff, and staff from motorcycle industry associations and other nongovernmental organizations interested in motorcyclist safety. The team selected these countries because of their innovative infrastructure and traffic operations programs aimed at improving motorcyclist safety. The information the team obtained during the scan included several design, maintenance, and operational changes that could be implemented in the United States to improve motorcyclist safety.

Motorcycle Crash Trends

In the United States, the number and rate of motorcyclist deaths have increased dramatically. Motorcycle rider fatalities rose 144 percent between 1996 and 2007. During the same time, fatality numbers and rates for passenger car crashes dropped. In 2007, motorcycle crash-related fatalities increased by more than 7 percent (to 5,154), while overall fatalities decreased.

Similar crash patterns exist in the European countries the scan team studied. Overall, the number of roadway fatalities is significantly lower. Despite mandatory helmet laws, higher costs, stricter impaired-driving laws, and more unlimited access roads, however, motorcyclists in these countries represent the same percentage of fatalities compared to drivers of other vehicle types as in the United States.

Several trends have accompanied the rising motorcyclist death toll in the United States. They include a dramatic increase in motorcycle ownership, particularly by riders over 40, and changes in motorcycle size and rider experience. The rate of increase in fatalities has outpaced the rate of increase in motorcycle registrations, and death and injury rates among middle-aged motorcycle riders have increased more rapidly than among other age groups.

Motorcycle riders face more risk of crashing and being injured than passengers in four-wheeled vehicles. Two-wheeled motorcycles are more difficult to operate and more unstable than cars and trucks. Some roadway design and maintenance features add risks. Other vehicle drivers may not expect to see motorcycles on the road, may not watch for them, and may not know how to accommodate them in traffic. When they crash, motorcycles provide minimal protection to their riders.

In 2004, a major motorcycle crash causation study was released in Europe, MAIDS-Motorcycle Accidents In-Depth Study,(1) by the Association of European Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM) with support from the European Commission. The study indicated that 80 percent of the crashes reviewed involved other vehicles, while 15.5 percent of the crashes involved only powered two-wheelers (PTW). Most multivehicle PTW crashes were caused by human error, 37.1 percent of the time by the driver of the PTW and 50.4 percent by the driver of the other vehicle. Environmental conditions-including weather, roadway design, and traffic control-were the third-largest contributors to crashes. Therefore, vehicle or other failures contributed less than 5 percent to the overall crash mix. The study found that the most frequently struck object was another vehicle and the second most frequently struck object was the roadway itself. It also found that 75 percent of crashes occur in urban areas. In the 921 PTW crashes investigated, only 6 percent (60 crashes) of PTW riders' injuries were caused by roadside barriers. The areas the study sampled may have been biased toward urban areas, and vehicle classification and registration differences exist among countries that make comparisons across crash reports challenging.

While the study cites human error as a major cause of motorcycle crashes, multiple precursors can contribute to these errors. The Haddon Matrix, a brainstorming tool used to plan injury intervention and prevention strategies, is a convenient way to examine the crash event and multiple contributing factors. The matrix shown in table 1 illustrates the multicausal nature of crashes (columns) and the timeline of crashes (rows).

Table 1. Haddon Matrix for motorcycle crashes.

 

Personal Factors

Agent (Vehicle) Facttors

Physical
Environmental Factors

Social
Environmental
Factors

Preevent

Alcohol/drugs
Risk tolerance

Experience
Driver education

Speed

Vehicle maintenance

Load characteristics

Traffic control devices

Lighting

Pavement quality

Geometric design

Licensing and training

Speed limits

Public attitudes toward impaired driving

Event

Driving skill

Helmet
Protective clothing

Energy-absorbing barriers
Clear zones
Roadside safety hardware

Traffic enforcement

Helmet laws

Postevent

Physical fitness

Gas tank design

First-aid kit
Emergency radio

Communication network
Transportation network
Emergency services

To address motorcycle safety, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) uses a collaborative approach. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) focuses on improving the safety of motorcycling through effective training for new riders, strong licensing requirements based on riding skills, and the promotion of helmet use by all motorcyclists. On the highway side, the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) system performance goal focuses on providing safe, reliable, effective, and sustainable mobility for all road users, including motorcyclists.

Scan Purpose

Overall, more than 36,000 motorcycle-related deaths have occurred in the United States in the past decade, and because of the large number they have had a significant impact on highway system performance and crash-related congestion. For these reasons, the topic of motorcycle safety improvements was selected for an international scan.

The purpose of the scan was to collect information from abroad with the potential to improve roadway safety for motorcyclists in the United States. Before the scan, a desk scan was conducted of research literature, conference proceedings, and government agency Web sites worldwide for information on motorcycle safety infrastructure improvement programs. The itinerary of countries the scan team visited was selected based on the findings of the desk scan. The countries have lower overall fatality rates than the United States when using population as the denominator.

The main focus of the scan was on infrastructure improvements used in Europe to enhance motorcyclist safety. The scan team also investigated policy options and initiatives on roadside safety devices, traffic operations, work zone practices, and safety data related to motorcyclists. Motorcyclist safety has received increasing attention throughout Europe from government agencies, riders' groups, manufacturers' associations, and university research. These efforts have resulted in standards on roadway design, traffic engineering, and guardrail design.

The team developed amplifying questions to prioritize its goals and shared them with the European officials they met with to aid in agenda planning (see Appendix A). The questions addressed the following issues as they relate to motorcycles:

Report Organization

The scan report is organized by the topic areas addressed in the amplifying questions. Chapter 2 covers infrastructure improvements, Chapter 3 addresses safety data, Chapter 4 discusses behavioral safety and legal issues, and Chapter 5 outlines research activities. The report concludes with recommendations in Chapter 6 for short- and long-term implementation in the United States.

Scan Team Members

The members of the team (see Appendix C) included transportation agency personnel from four States, university researchers, traffic safety product and motorcyclist association staff, and FHWA staff:

David A. Nicol (Cochair), Director, Office of Safety Design, FHWA

Dennis W. Heuer (Cochair), administrator, Hampton Roads District, Virginia DOT

Dr. Susan T. Chrysler (Report Facilitator), Senior Research Scientist, Texas Transportation Institute

James Baron, Firector of Communications, American Traffic Safety Services Association

Keith A. Cota, Chief Project Manager, Bureau of Highway Design, New Hampshire DOT

Mark J. Bloschock, Senior Vice President, VRX Engineering, Inc. (retired Texas DOT senior project engineer)

Paul Degges, Chief Engineer, Tennessee DOT

Dr. Nicholas J. Garber, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Virginia

Jeffrey W. Kolb, Division Administrator, FHWA New York Division (deceased)

Melinda McGrath, Chief Engineer, Mississippi DOT

Edward Moreland, Senior Vice President, Government Relations, American Motorcyclist Association

Dr. Carol H. Tan, Team Leader, Safety Management, Office of Safety Research and Development, FHWA

Figure 1. Photo of scan team members

Figure 1. Scan team members: (front row, left to right) Paul Degges, Carol Tan, Susan Chrysler, James Baron, Keith Cota, Dennis Heuer, (second row) Nicholas Garber, Mark Bloschock, Melinda McGrath, John Almborg, (back row) Ed Moreland, Jeff Kolb, and David Nicol.

Chapter 2. Infrastructure Improvements

Agency Policies and Standards for Motorcyclist Safety and Design

Norway has published a roadway design guide specific to motorcycles, available in English.(2) This document was motivated by Norway's National Transportation Plan, which has a "Vision Zero" goal of zero fatalities and severe injuries in road traffic. The Norwegian Public Roads Administration acknowledges that motorcycle driving "is a form of activity that entails a high risk of severe injuries" and developed the roadway design and operations guide to mitigate those injuries. The handbook was written for administration staff in the areas of planning, construction, operations, and maintenance. It contains sections on new roads, reconstruction, existing roads, and roadway condition reporting systems. Topics addressed include roadway surface issues such as manhole covers, roadside safety apparatus, lighting, and traffic control devices. The handbook provides useful information about motorcycle physics and vehicle dynamics to help motivate the recommendations.

The scan team found other road design documents and Internet sources produced by stakeholder groups in cooperation with road authorities, most notably the guidelines produced by ACEM.(3) This document has chapters on road design and traffic engineering, road maintenance, traffic management, safety campaigns, and road safety audits. In addition to roadway design standards, a European Commission-sponsored program has gathered best practices for urban motorcyclist safety into an online document called the European Safer Urban Motorcycling (eSUM) project.(4) This Web resource is a collection of best-practice examples from cities throughout Europe and includes evaluation data on several practices.

The Belgian Road Safety Institute produced a document detailing roadway improvements for motorcycles, available in French.(5) The Dutch-speaking area of Belgium, Flanders, also has a motorcycle roadway design book available. This document includes such design standards as pavement friction values for marking material and curve radius specifications for enhanced signing systems that offer the possibility of less injury to motorcyclists.(6)

Several agencies visited had a motorcycle coordinator-Belgium's "Mr. Moto," for example-who served as an internal advocate for motorcyclist safety and priority in planning and operations. This person also was the point of contact between the agency and rider groups. In Belgium, each regional office of the state road authority had a Mr. Moto, who was typically a rider himself (all happened to be male).

The policies and attitudes of the various road authorities toward motorcyclists are in a state of flux. Representatives of several said that in the past motorcycles were viewed like any other vehicle, but recently this has changed, largely because of the increase in motorcycle ridership and the great safety gains realized in passenger and commercial vehicles. Motorcyclists are the last high-fatality group to be addressed in the countries that have adopted Vision Zero safety goals. While many motorcycle riders bristle at the thought of being lumped in with bicyclists and pedestrians in the category of "vulnerable road users," they are much more prone to injury in crashes because of their relative lack of protection. Many of the countries visited have addressed pedestrian and bicycle safety issues by physically separating these users from motor vehicles. This generally is not possible with motorcycles, so agencies are considering other infrastructure and operational changes. The agencies visited are committed to incorporating motorcyclists into design decisions. This is formalized through motorcycle-specific road safety audits at the design phase and motorcycle-specific road assessment programs, such as the European Road Assessment Program (EuroRAP)(7) and the Pilot4Safety Program.(8)

The scan team noted that the agencies it visited were realistic about how motorcycles are actually used. As a result, policies and enforcement of laws on queue-jumping-also called lane-splitting in the United States and filtering in Europe-accommodate the fact that motorcyclists do queue jump and that the practice may have safety and operational benefits (see figure 2). Likewise, agencies responsible for parking enforcement in urban areas accommodate motorcycles by posting specific parking signs, designating motorcycle parking areas on surface lots, and allowing multiple PTWs in a single automobile parking space.

Figure 2. Photo of a scooter rider filtering through urban traffic.

Figure 2. A scooter rider filtering through urban traffic in Brussels.

Work Zone Activities

In general, the scan team noted that work zone practices are quite different in Europe than in the United States, although the team's exposure was for the most part limited to urban areas. The use of positive separation of active work areas was much less than in the United States, and road authorities reported that they are more likely to close entire lanes or roadways to complete road work than U.S. highway agencies. In general, there was much less signing, barriers, and channelization than in U.S. work areas.

The team observed that some agencies use auxiliary plaques on work zone advance warning signs warning of hazards specifically for motorcyclists. These included warnings of pavement edge differentials in London and grooved pavement (figure 3), loose gravel, and splash and spray warnings in Norway and Belgium (figure 4). The United Kingdom uses a "loose chippings" sign to warn of recent chip-seal activities.

Figure 3. Work zone caution sign in Belgium with supplemental motorcycle plaque warning of grooved pavement (stries = striations). (Courtesy of Benoit Dupriez)

Figure 4. Photo of splash warning sign in a work zone.

Figure 4. Splash warning sign in a work zone in Belgium. (Courtesy of Benoit Dupriez)

Maintenance Practices

All of the agency maintenance practices discussed were those that benefited all road users, but may provide more benefit to motorcyclists because of their relative vulnerability to injury compared to automobile passengers. For instance, the Norwegian maintenance handbook has sections on clearing roadside obstructions that pose crash hazards and limit sight distance. This practice helps all road users, but can particularly benefit motorcyclists. Two unique maintenance practices organized by stakeholder groups were presented that could be adopted in the United States. One was a "road quality ride" organized by a rider group in Belgium, during which local motorcycle clubs ride together on a specific road to inspect and report on pavement quality and pick up debris and litter on the shoulder. The other was a roadway condition reporting system, either phone- or Web-based, aimed specifically at motorcyclists. Implementation of these systems varied from country to country. In Norway, for example, the Motorcyclists Union maintained a reporting Web site and a staff member vetted the reports before notifying the appropriate road authorities.

One maintenance practice observed in Norway was to pave the first few feet of gravel roadways and driveways where they intersect with highways and streets. This limited the amount of loose gravel spilling onto the paved roadway surface (see figures 5 and 6).

Figure 5. Photo of gravel and dirt from side of road washed onto paved roadway.

Figure 5. Before: gravel and dirt from side of road washed onto paved roadway. (Courtesy of Harald Hermansen)

 

Figure 6. Photo of driveway paved with asphalt at intersection with paved roadway.

Figure 6. After: 5 meters of driveway paved with asphalt at intersection with paved roadway. (Courtesy of Harald Hermansen)

Traffic Control Device Design and Placement

Several agencies reported that sign post removal, either through consolidation of signs onto one post or relocation behind a barrier, was one strategy to provide a more forgiving roadside for motorcyclists. In several countries, the team observed lighter weight lattice sign posts, which were believed to be less of an injury threat to motorcyclists (see figure 7).

Figure 7. Photo of lattice sign posts on a suburban arterial.

Figure 7. Lattice sign posts on a suburban arterial in Norway.

In Germany, a road improvement project suggested using flexible bollards or pylons in place of post-mounted delineators or chevron signs in curves (figure 8).

Figure 8. Photo of motorcyclist on a road curve with flexible post delineators.

Figure 8. German example of curve delineation with flexible post delineators. (Courtesy of Rolf Frieling, German Biker Federation)

In urban areas, the use of advanced stop lines at signalized intersections (similar to bicycle boxes used in some U.S. cities) was observed (see figure 9). In some areas, queue-jumping lanes were provided to channelize PTWs safely to the front of the queue.

Figure 9. Photo of motorcyclist at advanced stop line with queue-jumping designated lane.

Figure 9. Advanced stop line with queue-jumping designated lane (dashed line) for bicycles, but often used by powered two-wheelers in Brussels.

Pavement markings can pose a threat to motorcyclists because of the change in friction at the transition from pavement to marking material. This is particularly true for large pavement marking symbols, such as arrows, text, and crosswalk markings. One practice observed in Belgium and elsewhere was to leave a gap in the marking material so that motorcyclists could thread through the marking without encountering the change in friction (see figure 10).

Figure 10. Photo of gap left in crosswalk markings material for motorcyclist to pass through.

Figure 10. Gap left in crosswalk marking material for motorcyclist to pass through in Belgium. (Courtesy of Benoit Dupriez)

Pavement marking material choices and application practices are discussed in the Belgian Road Safety Institute document on motorcycle considerations for motorcycles. It recommends textured pavement markings by troweling or using antiskid particles mixed in with retroreflective elements.

Figure 11. Photo of troweled pavement marking binder material to increase texture and friction.

Figure 11. Troweled pavement marking binder material to increase texture and friction. (Courtesy of Benoit Dupriez)

The presentations at the German Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) included a recommendation for a sinusoidal cut design for centerline rumble strips (figure 12). This design reduces sharp pavement edges and height changes, which can pose hazards to motorcyclists.

Figure 12. Photo of centerline rumble strips with sinusoidal cut pattern to eliminate sharp edges.

Figure 12. Centerline rumble strips with sinusoidal cut pattern to eliminate sharp edges that pose hazards to motorcyclists. (Courtesy of Andreas Hegewald, BASt)

Roadway Design Issues

The team learned that the agencies it visited use the same roadway design philosophy as the United States, with a desire for design consistency within functional class and harmonization of posted speeds with design characteristics. In Europe, as in the United States, specific vehicle sizes and driver eye heights are assumed for roadway design values. The lack of a design motorcycle and rider was noted in several countries visited. Despite these data gaps, federal transportation agencies, European Union-sponsored coalitions, manufacturers' groups, and research institutes have developed the various roadway design guidelines described in this chapter.

Roadside Safety Design, Testing, and Implementation

The most significant observation of the scan in the area of roadside safety was the use of motorcycle barriers. Injuries to motorcyclists from the posts of guardrail and cable median barriers have been reported, but the European officials the team met with provided no data on the frequency or rates of motorcyclist-post crashes and injuries or on motorcyclist dismemberment or decapitation because of barriers. The perceived hazard and anecdotal reports of crashes have led some agencies to stop installing cable median barriers, but it should be noted that cable median is used differently in Europe than in the United States. Cable median on European roads is used more frequently in curves and much closer to the roadway than in the United States.

For guardrails, several motorcycle-friendly barrier designs were developed more than 20 years ago to shield a body sliding on the pavement from the posts (see figure 13 for one example). This treatment goes by many names, including the following:

The team adopted the generic term "motorcycle barrier" to refer to any addition to a standard barrier specifically aimed at minimizing injury to motorcyclists because of unshielded components of the barrier. France, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom have installed many kilometers of motorcycle barriers of various designs.

Figure 13. Cross-section drawing of W-beam guardrail equipped with lower motorcycle barrier.

Figure 13. Cross-section drawing of W-beam guardrail equipped with lower motorcycle barrier. (Courtesy of Benoit Dupriez)

The Central European Committee for Standardization (CEN) adopted Resolution 319 on June 17, 2008, to improve the standard of safety barriers to take motorcyclists into account and reduce injuries and fatalities. Members of the Technical Committee on Road Equipment (TC226) adopted Resolution 319, registering a new item in their work programmed to "develop a European Standard, which reduces the impact severity of motorcyclist collisions with safety barriers, considering the existing national standards and the possibilities of present-day technologies." In absolute terms, a new part was added to the existing standard for road restraint systems (EN1317) to include "provisions for the evaluation of the performance of safety barriers under impact by a powered two-wheeled vehicle (PTW) rider sliding along the ground." This will take some time to implement.

These motorcycle-friendly barrier designs have been installed widely in some countries and in a limited way in other areas. France was conducting a large before-and-after crash outcome analysis of its installed barriers, which was expected to be completed in 2012. Spain conducted a crash-causation study in 2007 that included some analysis of guardrail crash types.(9) An earlier European Union-sponsored study on advanced protective systems also included some analysis of crash barrier types.(10)

The French government began developing tests and acceptance criteria for motorcycle barriers in 1998. The team witnessed a crash test at the Laboratoire d'essais INRETS Equipements de la Route (LIER) facilities near Lyon, France. In this test, a specially fabricated motorcyclist crash dummy is launched off a sled to slide toward the target guardrail headfirst at two orientations (angle of dummy to barrier). Acceptance criteria are based on forces applied to the head and neck of the dummy (figure 14). Additional standards work is directed at developing a crash dummy with the appropriate articulation and measurement points in the head and neck. The testing procedure proposed and being balloted among European Union members includes testing a motorcycle barrier with a motorcyclist dummy, a passenger vehicle, and a heavy vehicle. The standard was expected to be adopted in 2012. Additional work for a test conducted using an upright dummy on a motorcycle has already begun with an eye toward future revisions of the testing procedure.

Figure 14. Photo of motorcycle barrier and crash test dummy.

Figure 14. Motorcycle barrier and crash test dummy at LIER in Lyon, France.

German data suggest that in many crashes, motorcyclists impact the guardrail in an upright position and slide along the top of the rail. This crash posture produces an entirely different set of injury types. A barrier was designed that includes a cap along the top to prevent upper-body injuries from sliding along the top of the rail (figure 15).

Testing for this class of crash type and injury profile would require an upright impact. Research in Germany is investigating crash test procedures, including buggies (shown in figure 16), that deliver an upright motorcycle to the barrier being tested.

Figure 15. Photos of System Euskirchen Plus guardrail, which includes a bottom skirting and a cap along the top.

Figure 15. Above: System Euskirchen Plus guardrail, which includes a bottom skirting and a cap along the top; right photo shows alternate cap design. (Courtesy of Uwe Ellmers, BASt)

Figure 16. Photo of upright motorcycle barrier impact test procedure.

Figure 16. Upright motorcycle barrier impact test procedure. (Courtesy of Uwe Ellmers, BASt)

Although Spain was not part of the scan, important work in roadside barrier testing is being done there. Following the work done in France, Spain developed a national standard that included the same principle, but further developed the protocol. The main differences between the two are that the French dummy is a modified Hybrid II (with a Hybrid III head and neck), while the Spanish dummy is a modified Hybrid III with a frangible shoulder. Configuration of the second test is different (the Spanish test is headfirst between the posts). The Spanish standard has additional acceptance criteria, an additional speed (70 kilometers per hour), and two severity classes. The definition of the helmet is also different. Much of the standards work in Spain is being conducted at Automotive Transport Energy Research and Development (CIDAUT) in Boecillo.(11)

Spain's research on safety barriers began in 2003 under a mandate to work on a performance-based standard for evaluating safety barriers against full-scale motorcyclist impact. The General Road Directorate of the Spanish Ministry of Fomento and a private company conducted tests to establish the performance-based standard from 2004 to 2005, and in October 2005 Spanish standard UNE 135900-1.-2 was published. The standard defines two types of Motorcyclist Protecting Systems (MPS): punctual systems, or post absorbers, and longitudinal systems, or continuous systems. By 2007, more than 300 kilometers (km) of MPS on guardrails had been installed in Spain. An example of a conforming barrier is shown in figure 17.

Figure 17. Photo of Spanish guardrail that meets motorcycle safety standards.

Figure 17. Spanish guardrail that meets motorcycle safety standards. (Courtesy of Alberto Mansilla, CIDAUT)

In 2008, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration rebuilt a 15-km road segment outside Oslo to provide a model of safety improvements for motorcyclists. The Vision Zero Motorcycle Road includes guardrails with motorcycle barriers, redesigned side terrains, consolidated signposts, larger clear zones, and improved sight distance around curves. Most of the improvements were general, low-cost safety improvements that would benefit all road users. The motorcycle barrier (see figures 18 and 19 for before-and-after photos) was the only change made to specifically benefit motorcyclists. The road is heavily used as a leisure ride by motorcyclists, and this use helped justify the safety improvements.

Figure 18. Photo of Norwegian Vision Zero Motorcycle Road before treatment.

Figure 18. Norwegian Vision Zero Motorcycle Road before treatment. (Courtesy of Per Harald Hermansen, NPRA)

Figure 19. Photo of Norwegian Vision Zero Motorcycle Road After brush clearing and installation of motorcycle barrier on outside of curve.

Figure 19. Norwegian Vision Zero Motorcycle Road after brush clearing and installation of motorcycle barrier on outside of curve. (Courtesy of Per Harald Hermensen, NPRA)

Pavement Design

The use of high-friction surfaces specifically for motorcycles was not a widespread practice in Europe. Agencies in France reported that if a particular curve is identified as a crash black spot, open-graded asphalt mixes may be laid in that location. In England, high-friction surfaces were used at intersections. Some agencies had specifications limiting both the differential between adjacent pavement types and between the pavement and road markings because that differential causes grip problems for motorcycles.

Intelligent Transportation Systems

As in the United States, Europe had several large intelligent transportation system (ITS) projects in the research and development phase. The one closest to implementation was an automatic emergency notification and localization system linked to a rider's mobile phone named e-Call. The goal is for a trans-European system, but issues remain on dispatch operator training and interagency agreements.

For ITS applications on signals and detection, the agencies visited reported the same problems with motorcycle detection as have been noted in the United States. These detection problems are particularly difficult when motorcyclists ride in platoons or alongside each other. The practice of lane filtering at intersections makes motorcycle lane positioning more variable, which poses additional problems for both video and inductive loop sensor systems.

ITS and vehicle infrastructure integration demonstration projects aimed at improving motorcyclist safety were underway:

Chapter 3. Safety Data

Both FHWA and AASHTO rely on good crash data and analysis to set safety program priorities. The Strategic Highway Safety Plan described in Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) and implemented by U.S. State DOTs and the AASHTO Highway Safety Manual use historical crash data.(13,14) An FHWA-sponsored project underway in the United States on motorcycle crash causation will supply detailed analysis of a large sample of crashes.(15)

The European agencies the scan team visited had varying levels of detail in their crash report forms for capturing information about the motorcycle itself, the rider's training and protective equipment, roadway conditions, and roadside safety equipment. Each element is needed to conduct a thorough analysis of crash patterns and the efficacy of safety countermeasures aimed at reducing crash frequency and severity.

Crash Patterns

In general, the countries visited had crash patterns similar to those in the United States, with a high rate of single-vehicle roadway-departure crashes in rural areas and crashes involving motorcycles and passenger vehicles in urban areas because of right-of-way violations or visibility. In countries with high urban motorcycle use, crash frequency was higher in urban areas such as London and Paris. Likewise, the demographic pattern of those injured and killed in motorcycle crashes mirrors that of the United States. An increase in older riders on bigger bikes has led to an increase in those casualties. In most of the countries, the minimum age to be licensed for a motorcycle larger than 125 cubic centimeters was 18, so injuries and fatalities among 16- to 18-year-olds were lower than in the United States.

The team noted a great lack of uniformity in the denominator terms for risk exposure across the various agencies and stakeholder groups. Some used inhabitants, others used kilometers traveled by all vehicle types, others had estimates of motorcycle-kilometers traveled, and others used number of registered motorcycles or motorcycle operator licenses. Most agencies admitted that their estimates of motorcycle volume, vehicle counts, and other measures of exposure were not accurate. There was great variation across countries and regions of countries in injury severity scaling and reporting as well, including how many days after a crash to attribute a death. These problems also exist in the United States, and a new National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) project will attempt to improve methods of collecting motorcycle volume data.(16)

The effect of seasonality and weather variations on crash patterns was noted in several countries. An unusually warm or rainy spring can cause year-to-year variations in motorcycle crash rates that do not occur in passenger vehicle crash rates. This variation points to the need to consider weather in any analysis of countermeasures and exposure data.

Data Management

Data collection and management practices varied greatly across the countries and even in different agencies of a single country. No agency reported that it had crash data elements specific to motorcycle crashes. There was little use of geocoding or geolocating of crashes at police agencies. Most agencies used traditional locating via mileage and road names, with some mapping through postprocessing.

The Association of European Motorcycle Manufacturers and the European Commission sponsored a large crash causation study (MAIDS-Motorcycle Accidents In-Depth Study(1)) with a great emphasis on urban crashes in southern European cities. The data are being used to prioritize safety programs throughout the European Union. The European officials the team met with expressed great interest in seeing the results of the ongoing U.S. crash causation study so that comparisons can be made. They also were interested in adding the U.S. analysis to the European study to increase the overall sample size and further diversify roadway types and traffic conditions.

Chapter 4. Behavioral Safety and Legal Issues

Behavioral Safety Programs

As the report introduction noted, the greatest differences the scan team observed between Europe and the United States were in behavioral safety. All of the countries visited had mandatory motorcycle helmet laws and more extensive initial-licensure training requirements than the United States.

In each of the countries the team visited, cooperation between motorcycle rider groups and government agencies was strong. The Federation of European Motorcyclists' Associations (FEMA) represents 19 countries' rider groups. Its mission is to raise awareness of motorcyclist issues with the European Union and agencies of the United Nations. FEMA has been instrumental in promoting roadside barrier safety testing and regulations as well as roadway design and traffic engineering standards. It also promotes rider safety education programs. Most program materials are published in an English version. Appendix D lists resources to access this material.

In the areas of public information and education, a promotion of respect for motorcyclists as legitimate road users was prevalent. Most agencies had a two-pronged approach to public awareness campaigns, with one effort directed at motorcyclists and the other aimed at making drivers of passenger vehicles more aware of motorcyclists on the road. One example is the THINK! Campaign developed and deployed by the Department for Transport in the United Kingdom.(17) This program uses personality profiles of different types of riders to develop educational campaigns that appeal to their unique set of motivations. Another campaign the scan team observed was aimed at car drivers in Belgium, who were urged to be on the lookout for motorcycles.

Figure 20. Photo of Belgian traffic safety poster. English translation reads: "Do not let yourself be surprised by the bikers. Be doubly careful."

Figure 20. Belgian traffic safety poster: "Do not let yourself be surprised by the bikers. Be doubly careful."

Legal Issues

Laws on licensing age, power of motorcycle engine allowed with different license classes, and training requirements varied considerably from country to country. Helmet use is mandatory throughout Europe. As a whole, the laws were more restrictive than those in the United States. The cost of training and licensing is much higher in Europe, as are traffic fines.

The European Union has introduced a new law to standardize European driver's licenses. This law includes provisions for moped permits as well as minimum age requirements based on motorcycle size. The Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Road Infrastructure Safety Management (COM(2006) 569 final) includes a general statement about supporting roadway design that includes motorcyclists as design users.

Chapter 5. Research Activities

In the countries the scan team visited, the most significant motorcycle-related research underway is an analysis of the frequency and severity of motorcycle crashes involving guardrails before and after France's 2000 policy change on installing motorcycle barriers. The results of this research will inform further deployment of these barriers in France and U.S. policy on these barriers. A U.S. domestic scan is examining barrier and other infrastructure policy and deployment.

Other research activities of note included development of a motorcycle driving simulator at the National Institute for Transport and Safety Research (INRETS) in France. This simulator will be used to evaluate training and rider interactions with advanced vehicle systems. Research on training curriculum effectiveness and the effect of licensing rule changes, including graduated driver's motorcycle licensing, was also underway in several of the countries visited. A multicountry naturalistic motorcycle driving study sponsored by the European Union was about to start that promises to gather useful information on the types of traffic and roads riders encounter. Naturalistic studies equip vehicles with recording instrumentation and cameras, and research participants drive the vehicles for a long time period. A similar U.S. study, cosponsored by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation and NHTSA, is underway at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. A consumer information program for helmet crashworthiness is being developed in the United Kingdom, and test methods are being evaluated at the Transport Research Laboratory there.18

Figure 21. Photo of Stephane Espie of INRETS demonstrating a motorcycle simulator.

Figure 21. Stephane Espie of INRETS demonstrates a motorcycle simulator.

The European Union also funds cross-border research and demonstration projects. One project supports the development and testing of the Smart Road Restraint System at the University of Zaragoza in Spain. This ongoing project is developing a smart guardrail that includes sensors to automatically notify emergency responders if it is struck.(19)

Chapter 6. Major Findings and Implementation Plan

Findings

Recommendations

Implementation

Paul Degges of the Tennessee DOT leads the Scan Implementation Team. Other members are Carol Tan of FHWA, consulting engineer Mark Bloschock, and Nicholas Garber of the University of Virginia. The team is developing a plan that prioritizes the practices observed that can be implemented in the United States and identifies the action steps needed.

The success of this international scan can be measured by the number of ideas brought back to the United States and translated into strategies that will improve roadway infrastructure safety for motorcyclists. The team developed the following strategies from the knowledge it acquired during the scan and believes them to be the most critical for making progress in the United States:

Disseminate Information and Recommendations

The first implementation item the team identified is to disseminate the scan findings. This will be accomplished by presentations at State and national traffic safety conferences, roadway and roadside design conferences, and events attended by operations and maintenance staff. Other venues for dissemination include motorcyclist groups; Web sites maintained by DOTs, safety advocacy groups, and motorcycle manufacturers; and articles in trade journals, professional publications, and newsletters. There is a need to promote motorcycle considerations in guidance documents for planning, design, operations, and maintenance. One way is to promote the idea of a motorcycle coordinator in state DOTs, similar to existing positions for the Bicycle and Pedestrian and Safe Routes to School programs.

Gather Facts and Add Key Details to Motorcycle Safety

The second item the team identified is to fill in gaps in knowledge to develop evidence-based strategies to improve safety for all road users. One example is the need for a standard design motorcycle, similar to design passenger and heavy vehicles used in roadway design manuals. This design motorcycle would include vehicle dynamics parameters, such as braking distance, and physical parameters, such as weight, needed for calculations for design and operations. Another way to gather facts is for DOTs to establish roadway condition reporting systems specifically for motorcyclists. Such a system could identify problem areas such as pavement surface condition, sight distance, traffic signal controller malfunctions, and shoulder condition.

Conduct Research Program for Motorcycle Infrastructure Safety

The third area the team identified is the need to develop a comprehensive research roadmap to evaluate the effectiveness and benefits of various safety strategies. This goal could be accomplished by working with relevant TRB standing technical committees to develop research problem statements for NCHRP consideration. The implementation team developed an initial list of research needs:

Update Design Guidelines to Accommodate Motorcyclist Safely

The final area the implementation team identified is to establish uniform practices across the Nation and improve the overall safety of the highway transportation system through the application of design guidelines. This goal could be accomplished by integrating motorcycle-specific considerations into existing standards and guidelines documents, such as the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), the AASHTO Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (Green Book), and the AASHTO Roadside Design Guide. As part of these efforts, criteria for motorcycle-friendly barrier installation must be developed. One way for more motorcycle-specific traffic control devices to be adopted is for a representative from a motorcycle advocacy group, such as the American Motorcycle Association, to apply for membership on the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, an independent advisory group to FHWA on MUTCD.

Appendix A. Amplifying Questions

The scan team members developed questions to be answered during the motorcycle safety international scan. The following is a consolidated list of these amplifying questions sorted into topic categories.

Appendix B. Host Country Contacts

Belgium

Robert Peeters
Flanders State Department of Mobility and Public Works
Department Mobiliteit en Openbare Werken
Telephone: +32 2 553 87 44
E-mail: robert.peetes@mow.vlaanderen.be

Michele Guillaume
Belgian Road Safety Institute
Head, Mobility and Infrastructure Department
Telephone: +32 (0)2 244 15 36
E-mail: michele.guillaume@ibsr.be

Benoit Godart
Belgian Road Safety Institute
Department of Communication, Parole
Telephone: +32 (0)2 244 15 34
E-mail: benoit.godart@ibsr.be

Benoit Dupriez
Belgian Road Safety Institute
Department of Mobility and Infrastructure
Telephone: +32 (0)2 244 15 07
E-mail: benoit.dupriez@ibsr.be

Kris Redant, Ing.
Belgian Road Research Center
Telephone: +32 (0) 10-23 65 38
E-mail: k.redant@brrc.be

Philippe Guillaume
Wallonia State Public Service
Department of Traffic Security, Infrastructure
Telephone: +32 (0) 81 77 30 94
E-mail: philippe.guillaume@spw.wallonie.be

Gilles Bergot
European Commission
Deputy Head of Unit Road Safety
Telephone: +32 -2-229 02 99
E-mail: gilles.bergot@ec.europa.eu

Safety Council
Telephone: +32 (0)2 230.41.06
E-mail: vojtech.eksler@etsc.eu

Jacques Compagne
Motorcycle Industry in Europe (ACEM)
Secretary General
Telephone: +32-2-230.97.32
E-mail: j.compagne@acem.eu

Antonio Perlot
Motorcycle Industry in Europe (ACEM)
Public Affairs Manager
Telephone: +32-2-230.97.32
E-mail: p.perlot@acem.eu

Veneta Vassileva
Motorcycle Industry in Europe (ACEM)
Safety Coordinator
Telephone: +32-2-230.97.32
E-mail: v.vassileva@acem.eu

Hugo Roebroeck
Federation of European Motorcyclists’ Associations
(FEMA)
Campaigns Officer
Telephone: +32 (0)2 736 9047
E-mail: campaigns@fema-online.eu

Aline Delhaye
Federation of European Motorcyclists’ Associations
(FEMA)
General Secretary
Telephone: +32 (0)2 736 9047
E-mail: general.secretary@fema-online.eu

France

Odile Arbeit De Chalendar
National Institute for Research on Transport and Safety
(now IFSTTAR)
European and International Deputy Director
Telephone: +33 4 78 65 68 58
E-mail: odile.arbeit-dechalendar@inrets.fr

Erik Bessmann
National Institute for Research on Transport and Safety
(now IFSTTAR)
Executive Operations Manager, Europe International
Telephone: +33 (0) 4 72 14 26 27
E-mail: erik.bessmann@inrets.fr

Stephane Espie
National Institute for Research on Transport and Safety
(now IFSTTAR)
Research Director and LEPSIS Deputy Director
Telephone: +33 (0) 1 40 43 65 54
E-mail: espie@inrets.fr

Patrick Mallejacq
Central Laboratory of Roads and Bridges (now IFSTTAR)
Delegate for Internal Affairs
Telephone: +33 (0)1 40 43 50 28
E-mail: patrick.mallejacq@lcpc.fr

Sylvie Proeschel
Central Laboratory of Roads and Bridges (now IFSTTAR)
Deputy Delegate for Internal Affairs
Telephone: +33 (0)1 40 43 51 99
E-mail: sylvie.proeschel@lcpc.fr

Bernard Jacob
Central Laboratory of Roads and Bridges (now IFSTTAR)
Technical Director for Transport Infrastructures, Scientific and Technical Division
Telephone: +33 (0)1 40 43 53 12
E-mail: bernard.jacob@lcpc.fr

Rodolphe Chassande-Mottin
Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transportation, and Housing Project Manager, Road Safety Division
Telephone: +33 (0)1 46 11 33 78
E-mail: rodolphe.chassande-mottin@developpement-durable.gouv.fr

Martin Page
INRETS Road Equipment Test Laboratory
Technical Manager
Telephone: +33 4 72 48 37 30
E-mail: martin.page@lier.fr

Helene De Solere
Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transportation, and Housing Roads, Streets, and Project Manger
Telephone: +33 (0)4 72 74 58 73
E-mail: helene.de-solere@equipement.gouv.fr

Germany

Uwe Ellmers
German Federal Highway Research Institute
Head of Section, Highway Equipment
Telephone: +49 (0)2204 43 540
E-mail: ellmers@bast.de

Dipl.-Volksw. Kai Assing
German Federal Highway Research Institute
Safety Concepts, Safety Communication
Telephone: +49 (0) 2204 43 411
E-mail: assing@bast.de

Stefanie Heinrich, M.A.
German Federal Highway Research Institute
Accident Statistics, Accident Analysis
Telephone: +49 (0)2204 43 428
E-mail: stefanie.heinrich@bast.de

Claus-Henry Pastor
German Federal Highway Research Institute
Passive Vehicle Safety, Biomechanics
Telephone: +49(0)2204 43 656
E-mail: pastor@bast.de

Michael Bahr
German Federal Highway Research Institute
Driver Training, Driver Improvement
Telephone: +49(0)2204 43 449
E-mail: bahr@bast.de

Dr.-Ing. Patrick Seiniger
German Federal Highway Research Institute
Active Vehicle Safety, Emissions, Energy
Telephone: +49 (0)2204 43 619
E-mail: seiniger@bast.de

Andreas Hegewald
German Federal Highway Research Institute
Traffic Planning, Highway Design, Safety Analyses
Telephone: +49 (0)2204 43 515
E-mail: hegewald@bast.de

Oliver Ripke
German Federal Highway Research Institute
Asphalt Pavement
Telephone: +49 (0)2204 43 751
E-mail: ripke@bast.de

Dr.-Ing. Achim Kuschefski
Institute for Motorcycle Safety e.V.
Director
Telephone: +49 (0) 201 835390
E-mail: kuschefski@ifz.de

Rolf Hilton Frieling
Biker Union e.V.
Telephone: +49 (0) 61 73 / 60 83 70 or
+49 (0) 69/7 24 06 80
E-mail: frieling@t-online.de

Dr.-Ing. Matthais Kuhn
German Insurance Association
Accident Research, Head of Vehicle Safety
Telephone: +49/30/20 20 -58 24
E-mail: m.kuehn@gdv.de

Norway

Marit Due Langaas
Norwegian Public Roads Administration
Director of Internal Affairs
Telephone: +47 2232 62
E-mail: marit.langaas@vegvensen.no

Carl Christian Gabrielsen
Norwegian Public Roads Administration
Adviser, Internal Affairs
Telephone: +47 22 07 32 71
E-mail: carl.gabrielsen@vegvesen.no

Lars-Inge Haslie
Norwegian Public Roads Administration
Adviser, Road User Section
Telephone: +47 22 07 35 96
E-mail: lars-inge.haslie@vegvesen.no

Per Harald Hermansen
Norwegian Public Roads Administration
Adviser, Roads and Traffic Department, Road Safety Group
Telephone: +47 35 58 17 51
E-mail: per.hermansen@vegvesen.no

Morten Hansen
Norwegian Motorcyclists Union
General Secretary
Telephone: +47 69204646
E-mail: morten@nmcu.org

United Kingdom

Patricia Hayes
U.K. Department for Transport
Director, Road and Vehicle Safety and Standards
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7944 5212
E-mail: patricia.hayes@dft.gsi.gov.uk

Andrew Colski
U.K. Department for Transport
Vulnerable Road Users Team Leader, Road Safety
and Strategy Division
Telephone: 020 7944 2057
E-mail: andrew.colski@dft.gsi.gov.uk

Pat Kibey
U.K. Department for Transport
Head of Road Safety Statistics, Road Safety Research and Statistics
Telephone: 020 7944 6387
E-mail: pat.kibey@dft.gsi.gov.uk

Lauren Psyk
U.K. Department for Transport
Campaign Manager and Communication Director
Telephone: 020 7944 4640
E-mail: lauren.psyk@dft.gsi.gov.uk

Spencer Palmer
U.K. Department for Transport
Head of Traffic Management Engineering, Traffic Management Division
Telephone: 020 7944 2149
E-mail: spencer.palmer@dft.gsi.gov.uk

Adrian Burrows
U.K. Department for Transport
Transport Technology and Standards Division, Senior Engineer, Primary and eSafety
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7944 2105
E-mail: adrian.burrows@dft.gsi.gov.uk

David Francis
U.K. Department for Transport
Transport Technology and Standards Division
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7944 2084
E-mail: david.francis@dft.gsi.gov.uk

Victoria Bowden
U.K. Highways Agency
Assistant Research Strategy and International Visits Coordinator, Network Services
Telephone: 0161 930 5809
E-mail: vicky.bowden@highways.gsi.gov.uk

David Gingell
U.K. Highways Agency
Director, Network Planning and Performance
Telephone: 020 7153 4742
E-mail: david.gingell@highways.gsi.gov.uk

Julie Smith
U.K. Highways Agency
Driver Information Programmes Coordinator, NetServe Safety Action Plan
Telephone: 0113 283 6440
E-mail: julie.smith@highways.gsi.gov.uk

Ramesh Smhal
U.K. Highways Agency
Head of Pavements
Telephone: +44 (0) 7187 128696
E-mail: ramesh.smhal@highways.gsi.gov.uk

Harry Garnham
U.K. Highways Agency
Network Management Policy Project Sponsor, Operational Policy Division
Telephone: 0161 930 5738
E-mail: harry.garnham@highways.gsi.gov.uk

Dr. Joanne Hill
Road Safety Foundation
Director
Telephone: +44 (0) 1256 345598
E-mail: jo.hill@roadsafetyfoundation.org

John Chatterton-Ross LL.B (Hons)
European Motorcyclists Union
Director of Public Affairs
Telephone: +41 22 950 95 00
E-mail: dkjcr@thamesinternet.com

Tom Duckham
Transport for London
Policy Manager Motorised Travel
Telephone: 020 3054 1053
E-mail: tom.duckham@TfL.gov.uk

Mark Jessop
Local Transport Products
Associate
Telephone: 01482 679 911
E-mail: mark.jessop@local-transport-projects.co.uk

Andy Mayo
Local Transport Products
Director
Telephone: 01482 679 911
E-mail: andy.mayo@local-transport-projects.co.uk

Professor Neil Paulley
Transport Research Laboratory
Director of TRL Academy
Telephone: +44 (0)1344 770171 or +44 (0) 1344 770356
E-mail: npaulley@trl.co.uk

Richard W. Cuerden
Transport Research Laboratory
Technical Director, Vehicle Safety
Telephone: +44 (0) 1344 770801 or +44 (0) 1344 770356
E-mail: rcuerden@trl.co.uk

Mike Hutt
Transport Research Laboratory
Software Business Manager
Telephone: +44 (0) 1344 770512 or +44 (0) 1344 770356
E-mail: mhutt@trl.co.uk

Peter Roe
Transport Research Laboratory
Infrastructure Division
Telephone: +44 (0) 1344 770286 or +44 (0)1344 770356
E-mail: proe@trl.co.uk

Dr. Davis Hynd
Transport Research Laboratory
Head of Biomechanics
Telephone: +44 (0) 1344 770310 or +44 (0) 1344 770356
E-mail: dhynd@trl.co.uk

Gavin Williams
Transport Research Laboratory
Head of Vehicle Restraint Systems
Telephone: +44 (0) 1344 770664 or +44 (0) 1344 770356
E-mail: gwilliams@trl.co.uk

Dr. Mark Chattington
Transport Research Laboratory
Human Factors Security Consultant
Telephone: +44 (0) 1344 770714 or +44 (0) 1344 770356
E-mail: mchattington@trl.co.uk

Malcolm Palmer
Transport Research Laboratory
Safety Consultant
Phone: +44 (0) 1344 770952 +44 (0) 1344 770356
E-mail: mpalmer@trl.co.uk

Appendix C. Scan Team Members

Contact Information

David A. Nicol (FHWA Cochair)
Director, Office of Safety Design
Federal Highway Administration
Room E71-306
1200 New Jersey Ave. SE
Washington, DC 20590-9898
Telephone: 202-366-9198
Fax: 202-366-3222
E-mail:david.nicol@dot.gov


Dennis W. Heuer (AASHTO Cochair)
Administrator, Hampton Roads District
Virginia Department of Transportation
1700 North Main St.
Suffolk, VA 23434
Telephone: 757-925-2511
Fax: 757-925-1618
E-mail: dennis.heuer@vdot.virginia.gov

Dr. Susan T. Chrysler (Report Facilitator)
Senior Research Scientist
Manager, Human Factors Program
Center for Transportation Safety
Texas Transportation Institute
The Texas A&M University System
3135 TAMU
College Station, TX 77843-3135
Telephone: 979-862-3928
Fax: 979-845-4872
E-mail: s-chrysler@tamu.edu

James S. Baron
Director of Communications
American Traffic Safety Services Association
15 Riverside Parkway, Suite 100
Fredericksburg, VA 22406
Telephone: 540-368-1701, ext. 113
Fax: 540-368-1717
E-mail: james.baron@atssa.com

Mark J. Bloschock
VRX Engineering Inc.
2500 North Dallas Parkway, Suite 450
Plano, TX 75093
Telephone: 214-224-2410
Fax: 214-528-4826
E-mail: mbloschock@ntta.org

Keith A. Cota
Chief Project Manager
New Hampshire Department of Transportation
Bureau of Highway Design
7 Hazen Dr., PO Box 483
Concord, NH 03302-0483
Telephone: 603-271-1615
Fax : 603-271-7025
E-mail: kcota@dot.state.nh.us

Paul D. Degges
Chief Engineer and Assistant Commissioner
Tennessee Department of Transportation
James K. Polk Building, Suite 700
505 Deaderick St.
Nashville, TN 37243-0349
Telephone: 615-741-0791
Fax: 615-741-0865
E-mail: paul.degges@tn.gov

Dr. Nicholas J. Garber
University of Virginia
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Thornton Hall
351 McCormick Rd., PO Box 499742
Charlottesville, VA 22904-4742
Telephone: 434-924-6366
Fax: 434-982-2951
E-mail: njg@virginia.edu

Melinda McGrath
Chief Engineer
Mississippi Department of Transportation
PO Box 1850
Jackson, MS 39215-1850
Telephone: 601-359-7004
Fax: 601-359-7050
E-mail: mmcgrath@mdot.state.ms.us

Edward Moreland
Senior Vice President, Government Relations
American Motorcyclist Association
101 Constitution Ave. NW, Suite 800 West
Washington, DC 20001
Telephone: 202-742-4301
Fax : 202-742-4304 or 4282
E-mail: emoreland@ama-cycle.org

Dr. Carol H. Tan
Team Leader, Safety Management
Office of Safety Research & Development
Federal Highway Administration
Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (T-210)
6300 Georgetown Pike, HRDS-06
McLean, VA 22101
Telephone: 202-493-3315
Fax: 202-493-3374
E-mail: carol.tan@dot.gov

Biographical Sketches

David Nicol (cochair) is the director of the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) Office of Safety Design. He leads a staff of safety professionals providing national leadership for the administration of programs and the promotion of practices relating to the development and incorporation of road and roadside features that will improve highway safety performance by reducing the number and severity of highway crashes. His office has expertise in the areas of highway safety infrastructure features, including pavement skid resistance, roadway geometrics and cross-sections, roadside safety features, traffic control devices, and highway-rail grade crossings. Before coming to the Office of Safety in 2008, Nicol served as the division administrator of FHWA’s Colorado Division. He previously served in various engineering, planning, and management positions with FHWA in California, Delaware, and Georgia. Nicol has a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from Southeastern Massachusetts University and is a registered professional engineer in Georgia.

Dennis W. Heuer (cochair) is the Hampton Roads District administrator for the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) in Suffolk, VA. He leads 1,000 State employees delivering construction, engineering, maintenance, and operations services over 7,400 lane-miles of highways in southeastern Virginia. He also manages a ferry system, four bridge-tunnels, and a toll bridge with an annual district budget of more than $400 million. Before joining VDOT, he served as a program and project manager for Thompson Engineering in Mobile, AL, after retiring from the U.S. Army as a leader of engineer units. Heuer earned a bachelor’s degree in aerospace engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, NY, and a master’s degree in civil engineering from Pennsylvania State University in State College, PA. He is a registered professional engineer in 13 States, including Virginia. Professional memberships include the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), American Society of Highway Engineers, and Harley Owners Group, where he has merged his interest in road and bridges with motorcycle safety.

James Baron is the director of communications and public relations for the American Traffic Safety Services Association (ATSSA), headquartered in Fredericksburg, VA. Worldwide, ATSSA members manufacture and install roadway safety features and devices. Before joining ATSSA in 1999, Baron completed a 23-year career in the military, serving as a print and broadcast journalist and public affairs professional in the U.S. Navy. His many duties, both domestically and abroad, included serving as the primary media spokesman at the world’s largest U.S. Navy Base in Norfolk, Va.; a writer, reporter, and director of broadcasting, public relations, and photography; and station manager of a radio and television outlet near Nagasaki, Japan. Baron is a member of the Public Relations Society of America, the American Society of Association Executives and the Fredericksburg (VA) Chamber of Commerce. Baron has a master’s degree in education from the University of Phoenix. Since 1983, he has been an avid motorcyclist.

Mark Bloschock is a senior vice president of VRX Engineering in Austin, TX. Bloschock graduated from the University of Houston with a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering and worked for the Texas Department of Transportation for almost 26 years. During that time, he was involved with the design and construction of most types of bridges in Texas and with the required full-scale crash testing of safety barriers. He also worked for the FHWA Office of Safety Roadway Departure Team.

Dr. Susan Chrysler (report facilitator) is a senior research scientist in the Center for Transportation Safety and the manager of the Human Factors Program at the Texas Transportation Institute. Her areas of expertise include human factors, driver behavior, older driver issues, visual attention, traffic control devices, and photometry. Since joining TTI in 2001, Chrysler has led projects on sign and pavement marking design, comprehension, and visibility. Before joining TTI, Chrysler was a human factors specialist in the Traffic Control Materials Division Laboratory of the 3M Company. Her work at 3M involved product development, conducting original visibility research, and developing marketing tools. Chrysler received her Ph.D. in experimental psychology, with a minor in cognitive science, from the University of Minnesota in 1993. Her bachelor’s degree in psychology is from the University of Minnesota. Chrysler is a member of several Transportation Research Board (TRB) committees and is the past chair of the Surface Transportation Technical Group of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. She also chairs Human Factors Resources, a sponsor group for the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.

Keith Cota is the chief project manager for the New Hampshire Department of Transportation (NHDOT) and is in charge of the department’s project development program. Cota represents NHDOT on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Technical Committee for Roadside Safety (TCRS). He has been a TCRS member since 1994 and chairman from 2004 to the present. TCRS is responsible for roadside safety guidance through the updates of two AASHTO documents, Roadside Design Guide and Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware. Cota serves on several National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) panels on roadside safety. He also represents AASHTO on the Technical Committee for Road Safety for the World Road Association (PIARC). He has a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from Clarkson University and is a registered professional engineer in New Hampshire.

Paul Degges is chief engineer at the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT), where he oversees all engineering projects and divisions as well as the four regions. Degges received a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from Tennessee Technological University and is a licensed engineer. He started his career with TDOT in 1988 working in field construction, roadway design, and information systems and later moved into the Hydraulic Design and Permitting Section of the Structures Division.He joined the Construction Division in 1998 as assistant director managing the departments’ Region 4 contracts. Degges served as the director of Region 3 from 2000 until becoming chief engineer in mid-2003.

Dr. Nicholas Garber is the Henry L. Kinnier Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Virginia. He is a past chairman of the department. He is now the director of the Center for Transportation Studies. His research interests are traffic operations and safety. He has served as the principal investigator for many safetyrelated research projects sponsored by Federal, State, and private agencies. He has authored more than 100 refereed publications and reports, many on causal factors for different types of highway crashes and developing crash estimation models. He has also coauthored two textbooks. Garber is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He obtained a bachelor's degree from the University of London and master's and Ph.D. degrees from Carnegie Mellon University. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and ASCE's Committee on Highway Safety and Traffic Operations. He has also served on several TRB policy studies related to highway safety. He is a fellow of ASCE, the Institution of Transportation Engineers, and the Institute of Civil Engineers of the United Kingdom. He is a registered professional engineer in Virginia and the United Kingdom.

Jeffrey Kolb was the division administrator for the FHWA New York Division in Albany, NY. Kolb administered the $1.6 billion Federal-aid highway program for the State of New York. This included initiating and implementing activities and programs to reduce highway-related fatalities, including the high rate of motorcycle fatalities in New York. Kolb worked for FHWA for more than 25 years with experience in some of the more motorcycle-friendly climates in the country, such as Colorado, Florida, and Southern California, and was a leader in using innovative approaches to address transportation issues. Kolb earned a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from North Carolina State University and a master's degree in civil engineering from Florida State University. He was a licensed professional engineer in Florida. Kolb passed away in October 2010.

Melinda McGrath is chief engineer and deputy executive director of the Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) She earned a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Mississippi State University in 1985 and began her engineering career in MDOT's Bridge Division. After serving as project engineer in both the Northern and Southern Districts and district area engineer over six Infrastructure Countermeasures to Mitigate Motorcyclist Crashes in Europe | 39 coastal counties, she was named assistant chief engineer in 2003. In August 2008, she was promoted to chief engineer.

Edward Moreland is senior vice president for government relations of the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA). AMA, formed in 1924, aims to promote the motorcycle lifestyle and protect the future of motorcycling. It is the world's largest individual motorcyclist membership advocacy organization, representing more than 280,000 U.S. riders before lawmaking bodies at the local, State, national, and international levels. Moreland represents AMA on several international committees, including the Commission on Public Affairs of the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FEMA). Before joining AMA in 1998, Moreland served on the staffs of legislators from his native Minnesota. Moreland earned a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Minnesota.

Dr. Carol H. Tan is the team leader for safety management in FHWA's Office of Safety Research and Development at Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center in McLean, VA. Her team focuses on identifying safety problems, developing analysis tools, and evaluating the effectiveness of potential solutions to ensure that highway safety resources are appropriately allocated to maximize the reduction of the frequency and severity of all highway crashes. She is the coteam leader of FHWA's Motorcycle Safety Program and the project manager for a congressionally mandated Motorcycle Crash Causation study. Tan has a master's degree in civil engineering from Texas A&M University and a doctorate degree in civil engineering from Pennsylvania State University. She has served on NCHRP panels and is a member of TRB's Safety Data, Research, and Analysis Committee.

Appendix D. References and Additional Internet Resources

International Technology Exchange Program. Federal
Highway Administration Web site, Federal Highway
Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/tmpl.cfm?title=scanning.

MAIDS—Motorcycle Accidents In-Depth Study Report
Version 2.0. Association of European Motorcycle Manufacturers,
European Commission, April 2009.www.motorcyclesafetyinfo.com/motorcycle_accident_in_depth_ study.html.

Norwegian Public Roads Administration Handbook 245e:
Motorcycle Safety Design and Operation of Roads and
Traffic Systems. http://arkiv.nmcu.org/publ/vegdir_ handbok245/handbook245e.pdf.

Association of European Motorcycle Manufacturers,
Guidelines for PTW-Safer Road Design in Europe.
www.acem.eu/media/d_ACEMinfrastructurehandbookv2_ 74670.pdf.

European Union, European Safer Urban Motorcycling,
eSUM, Good Practice Guide. www.esum.eu/gpg.html.

European Road Assessment Program. www.eurorap.org/.

Barriers to change: designing safe roads for motorcyclists.
www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/20081202_Bikers.pdf

Lattix Lightweight Sign Post System. www.lattix.net/.

National Cooperative Highway Research Program
Project 08-81: Improving the Quality of Motorcycle
Travel Data Collection. http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2956.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration, Motorcycle Crash Causation Study. http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/fact_sheets/ftsht5511.cfm.

THINK! Road Safety. Department for Transport, United Kingdom. www.dft.gov.uk/think/focusareas/motorcycling?whoareyou_id=&page=Overview.

U.K. Motorcycling Web Sites
www.shinysideup.co.uk/

Bare Bones Project: For riders of Twist ‘n’ Go’s
and bikes under 125 cc
www.bare-bones.org/

U.K. Police Bikesafe
www.bikesafe.co.uk/

Bedfordshire Police Ridesafe
www.motorcyclingmatters.org/ridesafe/

Hampshire Police Edge44
www.hampshire.police.uk/Internet/Specialist+Units/operations/rpu/bikesafe.htm

Avon and Somerset Police Ride to Arrive
www.ridetoarrive.org/main_page.asp

Buckinghamshire Better Biker
www.buckscc.gov.uk/bcc/transport/motorbikes.page

Devon County Council
www.devon.gov.uk/bikers

Devon County Council
www.maxrider.co.uk/

Lancashire County Council
www.ridesafebacksafe.co.uk/

South Gloucestershire Council
www.smidsy.co.uk/

Somerset and Gloucester Councils
www.castlecombecircuit.co.uk/trackdays/events/motorcyclesafety.asp

Lincolnshire County Council Performance Plus
http://microsites.lincolnshire.gov.uk/LRSP/section.asp?docId=63394

Driving Standards Agency Enhanced Rider Scheme
www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/@motor/documents/digitalasset/dg_171825.pdf

Department for Transport Think!
www.dft.gov.uk/think/focusareas/motorcycling?whoareyou_id=&page=Overview

Detail of training and testing regime
www.dft.gov.uk/think_media/241027/241127/2010mc-routestomotorcycling.pdf

Get On campaign
http://www.geton.co.uk/

Report road defects
www.devon.gov.uk/index/transportroads/roads/road_maintenance.htm

Department for Transport report road defects
www.direct.gov.uk/en/HomeAndCommunity/

WhereYouLive/RoadsAndStreets/DG_10026187
Motorcycle Industry Trainers Association
www.mcita.co.uk/

New (2009) test information
www.mcita.co.uk/public/newtest.aspx?OBJ_ID=1037817

Endnotes

1 MAIDS-Motorcycle Accidents In-Depth Study, Association of European Motorcycle Manufacturers, European Commission, 2004. Subsequent analyses and access to database also available at www.maids-study.eu/index.php?error=hastolog.

2 Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Handbook 245e: Motorcycle Safety Design and Operation of Roads and Traffic Systems, http://arkiv.nmcu.org/publ/vegdir_handbok245/handbook245e.pdf.

3 Association of European Motorcycle Manufacturers, Guidelines for PTW-Safer Road Design in Europe, www.acem.eu/media/d_ACEMinfrastructurehandbookv2_74670.pdf.

4 Association of European Motorcycle Manufacturers, Guidelines for PTW-Safer Road Design in Europe, www.acem.eu/media/d_ACEMinfrastructurehandbookv2_74670.pdf.

5 Belgian Road Safety Institute, For a consideration of bikers in the infrastructure, http://admin.bivv.be/dispatch.wcs?uri=713688365&action=viewStream&language=fr.

6 Flanders Road and Traffic Agency, Motorcyclist Facilities,http://wegen.vlaanderen.be/documenten/publicaties/motorrijdersvoorzieningen.php.

7 European Road Assessment Program, www.eurorap.org/, Barriers to change: designing safe roads for motorcyclists, www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/20081202_Bikers.pdf.

8 European Commission, Pilot4Safety, Pilot Project for Common EU Curriculum for Road Safety Experts: Training and Application on Secondary Roads, June 2010, http://pilot4safety.fehrl.org/.

9 Spanish Ministry of the Interior, Director General of Traffic presentation to the European Union, 2009, Study of Accidents Involving Motorcycles in Spain, www.dgt.es/was6/portal/contenidos/documentos/la_dgt/recursos_humanos_empleo/oposiciones/
Estudio_de_accidentes_con_implicacion_de_motocicletas_en_Espana.pdf.

10 Molinero, A., Motorcyclist Accidents, Report on Sub-Project 4 of APROSYS Integrated Project on Advanced Protection Systems, 2009, Report Number AP-SP90-0004, www.aprosys.com/.

11 CIDAUT, Spanish Automotive Transport Energy Research and Development, www.cidaut.es.

12 SafeRider, www.saferider-eu.org/.

13 American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials, Strategic Highway Safety Plan, http://safety.transportation.org/.

14 American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials, Highway Safety Manual 2010, www.highwaysafetymanual.org/Pages/default.aspx.

15 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Motorcycle Crash Causation Study, http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/fact_sheets/ftsht5511.cfm.

16 National Cooperative Highway Research Program Project 08-81: Improving the Quality of Motorcycle Travel Data Collection, http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2956.

17 THINK! Road Safety, Department for Transport, United Kingdom, www.dft.gov.uk/think/focusareas/motorcycling?whoareyou_id=&page=Overview.

18 University of Zaragoza, Spain, Smart Road Restraint Systems Project, http://smartrrs.unizar.es/content.php?seccion=15&elemento=313.

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